PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11, e0005954.Īnderson, J.A. (2017) Pyrethroid resistance alters the blood‐feeding behavior in Puerto Rican Aedes aegypti mosquitoes exposed to treated fabric. Medical and Veterinary Entomology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Royal Entomological Society.Īgramonte, N.M. Malathion pyrethroids, plant essential oils, enhance, synergize. Significant antagonism was provided by a majority of the plant essential oils applied in combination with this insecticide, which suggests that plant essential oils may act to inhibit the oxidative activation processes within exposed adult mosquitoes. To assess the levels of enhancement and synergism of other classes of insecticide, malathion was also applied in combination with the plant oils. Geranium, patchouli and Texas cedarwood oils produced the highest levels of synergism, displaying co-toxicity factors of > 100 in some combinations. Of the plant essential oils that enhanced the toxicity of these pyrethroids, some produced varying levels of synergism and antagonism. By contrast, only three plant essential plants significantly enhanced the toxicity of deltamethrin and β-cyfluthrin. Eight plant essential oils significantly enhanced 24-h mortality rates provided by permethrin and six plant essential oils enhanced 24-h mortality rates obtained with natural pyrethrins. Numerous plant essential oils significantly synergized a variety of pyrethroids type I pyrethroids were synergized to a greater degree than type II pyrethroids. The levels of enhancement provided by combinations of plant essential oils and pyrethroids in comparison with pyrethroids alone were calculated and synergistic outcomes characterized. The various plant essential oils enhanced the pyrethroids to differing degrees. The present study examined the potential of eight plant essential oils applied in one of two concentrations (1% and 5%) to enhance the toxicity of various pyrethroids (permethrin, natural pyrethrins, deltamethrin and β-cyfluthrin).
The toxicity of pyrethroids combined with plant oils is significantly greater than the baseline toxicity of either oils or pyrethroids applied alone, which suggests there are synergistic interactions between components of these mixtures. Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of plant essential oils to enhance the efficacy of pyrethroids. As a result, innovative approaches are desperately needed to overcome insecticide resistance, particularly in mosquitoes that transmit deadly and debilitating pathogens. Because economic incentives for the production of novel active ingredients for the control of public health pests are lacking, this field is particularly affected by the potential failure of pyrethroid-based insecticides brought about by increasing pyrethroid resistance. Pyrethroid resistance is a significant threat to agricultural, urban and public health pest control activities.
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